Patrones de sensibilidad de Staphylococcus aureus de la comunidad aislados de niños con infecciones de piel y partes blandas
Palabras clave:
Staphylococcus aureus, muestras no invasivas, oxacilina, resistencia.Resumen
Introducción: El Staphylococcus aureus ha experimentado durante las últimas décadas un cambio importante en la sensibilidad a la oxacilina en diferentes países. En Paraguay existen reportes de resistencia crecientes, por lo cual se hace imprescindibles conocer adecuadamente la tendencia en los patrones de resistencia a los antimicrobianos, pues el retraso en el inicio de una terapia adecuada y correcta, se asocia a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Reportar el perfil de resistencia del S. aureus de población pediátrica del Hospital General de Barrio Obrero. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio, observacional, descriptivo, de corte transverso, realizado de enero 2012 a Julio de 2013 de muestras pediátricas no invasivas. Se utilizó equipo automatizado Vitek2 Compact (Bio merieux) para la identificación y el antibiograma. Resultados: Se aislaron 79 cepas de niños de 0 a 16 años, el sitio de aislamiento fue secreción purulenta. Resistencia a Oxacilina 70%, Resistencia a Clindamicina 21%, Resistencia inducible a Clindamicina 14%. Sensibilidad 100% o cercana al 100% para Ciprofloxacina, Rifampicina, Trimetropim, Levofloxacina, Tetraciclina, el MIC mas alto para vancomicina fue menor de 1. Conclusión: La elevada resistencia del S. aureus a la oxacilina en este hospital hace obligatorio el uso de drogas alternativas como terapia empírica, tales como la clindamicina y otros.
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3. Kowalsky TJ, Berbari EF, Osmon DR. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(9):1201-08. [ Links ]
4. Roman RO, SamudioD GC, Carnibella M. Infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus en pacientes en edad pediátrica internada en el Hospital Nacional de Itaugua. Itauguá: Hospital Nacional de Itauguá; 2009. [ Links ]
5. Sanabria G, Araya S, Apodaca S, Ayala de PE, Lovera D, Arbo A. Infección de piel y partes blandas causadas por Staphylococcus aureus adquirido en la comunidad en niños hospitalizados en un centro de referencia en Paraguay: 8 años de vigilancia. Asunción: Instituto de Medicina Tropical; 2009. [ Links ]
6. Irala JD. Progresión de la resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus a Oxacilina en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Asunción, Paraguay. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2013;8(1):18-25. [ Links ]
7. Nakaminami H, Noguchi N, Ito A, Ikeda M, Utsumi K, Maruyama H, Sakamoto H, Senoo M, Takasato Y, Nishinarita S. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from tertiary care hospitals in Tokyo, Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20(8):512-15. 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.03.006 Epub 2014 Apr 21. [ Links ]
8. Lee JY, Chong YP, Kim T, Hong HL, Park SJ, Lee ES, Kim MN, Kim SH, Lee SO, Choi SH, Woo JH, Kim YS. Bone and joint infection as a predictor of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a comparative cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(7):1966-71. 10.1093/jac/dku076 Epub 2014 Apr 2. [ Links ]
9. Larru B, Gerber JS. Cutaneous bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes in infants and children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014;61(2):457-78. 10.1016/j.pcl.2013.12.004 Epub 2014 Jan 23. [ Links ]
10. Guss J, Kazahaya K. Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired pediatric neck abscesses. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(6):943-8. [ Links ]
11. Le J, Lieberman JM. Management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26(12):1758-70. [ Links ]
12. Morales GI, Yaneth MC, Chávez KM. Caracterización de la resistencia in vitro a diferentes antimicrobianos en cepas de Staphylococcus spp. en una institución hospitalaria de la ciudad de Valledupar entre enero y julio de 2009. Rev Cienc Salud. 2012;10(2):169-77. [ Links ]
13. Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Genet Evol. 2008;8(6):747-63. 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.007 [ Links ]
14. Buescher ES. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pediatrics. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17(1):67-70. [ Links ]
15. Miranda Novales MG. Resistencia antimicrobiana del Staphylococcus aureus en México. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2011 (citado 2014 May 11); 68(4):262-70. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462011000400003&lng=es [ Links ]
16. Mayor L, Ortellado J, Menacho C, Lird G, Courtier C, Gardon C, Meugnier H, Bes M, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in Asunción, Paraguay. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(7):2298-300. [ Links ]
17. Soilan B, Gómez G, Ortellado J, Lird G, Marín M, Heinichen O, Almada P, Galeano A, Vera R, Ramos C, Mayor M, Ayala R. Portación de Staphylococcus aureus en pacientes dializados del servicio de Nefrología HC-IPS. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2011;6(Supl.):44. [ Links ]
18. Guillén R, Basulado W, Castro H, Campuzano de Rolón A, Macchi M, Ortellado J, Almada P, Quiñonez B, Arguello R, Rodríguez M, Palacios M, Grau L, Velázquez G, Espínola C, Samudio G, Gómez G, Carpinelli L, Russomando G. Staphylococcus aureus adquiridos en la comunidad: caracterización clínica, fenotípica y genotípica de aislados en niños que concurren a hospitales de referencia de Asunción y Dpto. Central. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2011; 6(Supl.):45. [ Links ]
19. Fica A, Jemenao MI, Bilbao P, Ruiz G, Sakurada A, Pérez de Arce E, Zuñiga I, Gompertz M. Emergencia de infecciones por enterococcus sp resistente a vancomicina en un hospital universitario en Chile. Rev Chil Infectol. 2007 Dic (citado 2014 Mayo 11); 24(6):462-71. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182007000600006&lng=es. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182007000600006. [ Links ]
20. Braun S, Fica A, Andrighetti D, Porte L, Triantafilo V. Estudio de factores de riesgo para colonización por enterococo resistente a vancomicina en el Hospital Militar de Santiago. Rev Chil Infectol. 2009 Ago (citado 2014 May 11);26(4):374-75. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182009000500014&lng=es http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182009000500014 [ Links ]
21. Forcade NA, Parchman ML, Jorgensen JH, Du LC, Nyren NR, Treviño LB, Peña J, Mann MW, Muñoz A, Treviño SB, Mortensen EM, Wickes BL, Pollock BH, Frei CR. Prevalence, severity, and treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections in 10 medical clinics in Texas: a South Texas Ambulatory Research Network (STARNet) study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(5):543-50. 10.3122/jabfm.2011.05.110073 [ Links ]
22. Ogami N, Yoshida J, Ishimaru T, Kikuchi T, Matsubara N, Ueno T, Asano I. Is Clostridium difficile infection influenced by antimicrobial use density in wards? Jpn J Antibiot. 2013;66(2):87-95. [ Links ]
23. Hugo H, Dornbusch K, Sterner G. Studies on the clinical efficacy, serum levels and side effects of clindamycin phosphate administered intravenously. Scand J Infect Dis. 1977;9(3):221-26. [ Links ]
24. Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ. 2004;171(1):33-38. [ Links ]
25. Lall M, Sahni AK. Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples. Med J Armed Forces India. 2014;70(1):43-47. 10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.01.004 Epub 2013 May 8. [ Links ]
26. Hersh AL, Weintrub PS, Cabana MD. Antibiotic selection for purulent skin and soft-tissue infections in ambulatory care: a decision-analytic approach. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(3):179-84. 10.1016/j.acap.2009.02.002 [ Links ]
27. Napolitano LM. Early appropriate parenteral antimicrobial treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9(Suppl 1):s17-27. 10.1089/sur.2008.063.supp [ Links ]
28. Teng CS, Lo WT, Wang SR, Tseng MH, Chu ML, Wang CC. The role of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2009;42(4):324-28. [ Links ]
29. Geng W, Yang Y, Wang C, Deng L, Zheng Y, Shen X. Skin and soft tissue infections caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus among children in China. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(4):575-80. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01645.x [ Links ]
30. Montoya I, Mira M, Álvarez I, Cofré J, Cohen J, Donoso G, Torres JP. Resistencia inducible a clindamicina en Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2009;80(1):48-53. [ Links ]
31. Merino-Díaz L, Cantos de la Casa A, Torres-Sánchez MJ, Aznar-Martín J. Detección de resistencia inducible a clindamicina en aislados cutáneos de Staphylococcus spp. por métodos fenotípicos y genotípicos. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2007;25(2):77-81. [ Links ]
32. Appelbaum PC. Reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30(5):398-408. [ Links ]
33. Khatib R, Jose J, Musta A, Sharma M, Fakih MG, Johnson LB, Riederer K, Shemes S. Relevance of vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility and heteroresistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(7):1594-99. 10.1093/jac/dkr169 [ Links ]
34. Martínez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(7):593-98. [ Links ]
35. Khatib R, Jose J, Musta A, Sharma M, Fakih MG, Johnson LB, Riederer K, Shemes S. Relevance of vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility and heteroresistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Jul;66(7):1594-9. [ Links ]
36. Musta AC, Riederer K, Shemes S, Chase P, Jose J, Johnson LB, Khatib R. Vancomycin MIC plus heteroresistance and outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: trends over 11 years. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(6):1640-44. [ Links ]
37. van Hal SJ, Lodise TP, Paterson DL. The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(6):755-71. 10.1093/cid/cir935 [ Links ]
38. Chen SY, Hsueh PR, Chiang WC, Huang EP, Lin CF, Chang CH, Chen SC, Chen WJ, Chang SC, Lai MS, Chie WC. Predicting high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration isolate infection among patients with community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2014;69(3):259-65. 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.04.007 Epub 2014 May 4. [ Links ]
39. Lubin AS, Snydman DR, Ruthazer R, Bide P, Golan Y. Predicting high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(8):997-1002. 10.1093/cid/cir118 [ Links ]
40. Honda H, Doern CD, Michael-Dunne W Jr, Warren DK. The impact of vancomycin susceptibility on treatment outcomes among patients with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:335. 10.1186/1471-2334-11-335 [ Links ]
41. Walraven CJ, North MS, Marr-Lyon L, Deming P, Sakoulas G, Mercier RC. Site of infection rather than vancomycin MIC predicts vancomycin treatment failure in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(10):2386-92. 10.1093/jac/dkr301 [ Links ]
42. Meddles-Torres C, Hu S, Jurgens C. Changes in prescriptive practices in skin and soft tissue infections associated with the increased occurrence of community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Public Health. 2013;6(6):423-30. 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.04.010 [ Links ]
43. Zervos M. Treatment options for uncomplicated community-acquired skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: oral antimicrobial agents. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9(Suppl 1):s29-34. 10.1089/sur.2008.065.supp [ Links ]
2. Singer AJ, Talan DA. Management of skin abscesses in the era of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1039-47. 10.1056/NEJMra1212788 [ Links ]
3. Kowalsky TJ, Berbari EF, Osmon DR. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(9):1201-08. [ Links ]
4. Roman RO, SamudioD GC, Carnibella M. Infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus en pacientes en edad pediátrica internada en el Hospital Nacional de Itaugua. Itauguá: Hospital Nacional de Itauguá; 2009. [ Links ]
5. Sanabria G, Araya S, Apodaca S, Ayala de PE, Lovera D, Arbo A. Infección de piel y partes blandas causadas por Staphylococcus aureus adquirido en la comunidad en niños hospitalizados en un centro de referencia en Paraguay: 8 años de vigilancia. Asunción: Instituto de Medicina Tropical; 2009. [ Links ]
6. Irala JD. Progresión de la resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus a Oxacilina en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Asunción, Paraguay. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2013;8(1):18-25. [ Links ]
7. Nakaminami H, Noguchi N, Ito A, Ikeda M, Utsumi K, Maruyama H, Sakamoto H, Senoo M, Takasato Y, Nishinarita S. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from tertiary care hospitals in Tokyo, Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20(8):512-15. 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.03.006 Epub 2014 Apr 21. [ Links ]
8. Lee JY, Chong YP, Kim T, Hong HL, Park SJ, Lee ES, Kim MN, Kim SH, Lee SO, Choi SH, Woo JH, Kim YS. Bone and joint infection as a predictor of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a comparative cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(7):1966-71. 10.1093/jac/dku076 Epub 2014 Apr 2. [ Links ]
9. Larru B, Gerber JS. Cutaneous bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes in infants and children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014;61(2):457-78. 10.1016/j.pcl.2013.12.004 Epub 2014 Jan 23. [ Links ]
10. Guss J, Kazahaya K. Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired pediatric neck abscesses. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(6):943-8. [ Links ]
11. Le J, Lieberman JM. Management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26(12):1758-70. [ Links ]
12. Morales GI, Yaneth MC, Chávez KM. Caracterización de la resistencia in vitro a diferentes antimicrobianos en cepas de Staphylococcus spp. en una institución hospitalaria de la ciudad de Valledupar entre enero y julio de 2009. Rev Cienc Salud. 2012;10(2):169-77. [ Links ]
13. Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Genet Evol. 2008;8(6):747-63. 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.007 [ Links ]
14. Buescher ES. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pediatrics. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17(1):67-70. [ Links ]
15. Miranda Novales MG. Resistencia antimicrobiana del Staphylococcus aureus en México. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2011 (citado 2014 May 11); 68(4):262-70. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462011000400003&lng=es [ Links ]
16. Mayor L, Ortellado J, Menacho C, Lird G, Courtier C, Gardon C, Meugnier H, Bes M, Vandenesch F, Etienne J. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in Asunción, Paraguay. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(7):2298-300. [ Links ]
17. Soilan B, Gómez G, Ortellado J, Lird G, Marín M, Heinichen O, Almada P, Galeano A, Vera R, Ramos C, Mayor M, Ayala R. Portación de Staphylococcus aureus en pacientes dializados del servicio de Nefrología HC-IPS. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2011;6(Supl.):44. [ Links ]
18. Guillén R, Basulado W, Castro H, Campuzano de Rolón A, Macchi M, Ortellado J, Almada P, Quiñonez B, Arguello R, Rodríguez M, Palacios M, Grau L, Velázquez G, Espínola C, Samudio G, Gómez G, Carpinelli L, Russomando G. Staphylococcus aureus adquiridos en la comunidad: caracterización clínica, fenotípica y genotípica de aislados en niños que concurren a hospitales de referencia de Asunción y Dpto. Central. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2011; 6(Supl.):45. [ Links ]
19. Fica A, Jemenao MI, Bilbao P, Ruiz G, Sakurada A, Pérez de Arce E, Zuñiga I, Gompertz M. Emergencia de infecciones por enterococcus sp resistente a vancomicina en un hospital universitario en Chile. Rev Chil Infectol. 2007 Dic (citado 2014 Mayo 11); 24(6):462-71. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182007000600006&lng=es. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182007000600006. [ Links ]
20. Braun S, Fica A, Andrighetti D, Porte L, Triantafilo V. Estudio de factores de riesgo para colonización por enterococo resistente a vancomicina en el Hospital Militar de Santiago. Rev Chil Infectol. 2009 Ago (citado 2014 May 11);26(4):374-75. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182009000500014&lng=es http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182009000500014 [ Links ]
21. Forcade NA, Parchman ML, Jorgensen JH, Du LC, Nyren NR, Treviño LB, Peña J, Mann MW, Muñoz A, Treviño SB, Mortensen EM, Wickes BL, Pollock BH, Frei CR. Prevalence, severity, and treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections in 10 medical clinics in Texas: a South Texas Ambulatory Research Network (STARNet) study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(5):543-50. 10.3122/jabfm.2011.05.110073 [ Links ]
22. Ogami N, Yoshida J, Ishimaru T, Kikuchi T, Matsubara N, Ueno T, Asano I. Is Clostridium difficile infection influenced by antimicrobial use density in wards? Jpn J Antibiot. 2013;66(2):87-95. [ Links ]
23. Hugo H, Dornbusch K, Sterner G. Studies on the clinical efficacy, serum levels and side effects of clindamycin phosphate administered intravenously. Scand J Infect Dis. 1977;9(3):221-26. [ Links ]
24. Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ. 2004;171(1):33-38. [ Links ]
25. Lall M, Sahni AK. Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples. Med J Armed Forces India. 2014;70(1):43-47. 10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.01.004 Epub 2013 May 8. [ Links ]
26. Hersh AL, Weintrub PS, Cabana MD. Antibiotic selection for purulent skin and soft-tissue infections in ambulatory care: a decision-analytic approach. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(3):179-84. 10.1016/j.acap.2009.02.002 [ Links ]
27. Napolitano LM. Early appropriate parenteral antimicrobial treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9(Suppl 1):s17-27. 10.1089/sur.2008.063.supp [ Links ]
28. Teng CS, Lo WT, Wang SR, Tseng MH, Chu ML, Wang CC. The role of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2009;42(4):324-28. [ Links ]
29. Geng W, Yang Y, Wang C, Deng L, Zheng Y, Shen X. Skin and soft tissue infections caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus among children in China. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(4):575-80. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01645.x [ Links ]
30. Montoya I, Mira M, Álvarez I, Cofré J, Cohen J, Donoso G, Torres JP. Resistencia inducible a clindamicina en Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2009;80(1):48-53. [ Links ]
31. Merino-Díaz L, Cantos de la Casa A, Torres-Sánchez MJ, Aznar-Martín J. Detección de resistencia inducible a clindamicina en aislados cutáneos de Staphylococcus spp. por métodos fenotípicos y genotípicos. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2007;25(2):77-81. [ Links ]
32. Appelbaum PC. Reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30(5):398-408. [ Links ]
33. Khatib R, Jose J, Musta A, Sharma M, Fakih MG, Johnson LB, Riederer K, Shemes S. Relevance of vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility and heteroresistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(7):1594-99. 10.1093/jac/dkr169 [ Links ]
34. Martínez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(7):593-98. [ Links ]
35. Khatib R, Jose J, Musta A, Sharma M, Fakih MG, Johnson LB, Riederer K, Shemes S. Relevance of vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility and heteroresistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Jul;66(7):1594-9. [ Links ]
36. Musta AC, Riederer K, Shemes S, Chase P, Jose J, Johnson LB, Khatib R. Vancomycin MIC plus heteroresistance and outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: trends over 11 years. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(6):1640-44. [ Links ]
37. van Hal SJ, Lodise TP, Paterson DL. The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(6):755-71. 10.1093/cid/cir935 [ Links ]
38. Chen SY, Hsueh PR, Chiang WC, Huang EP, Lin CF, Chang CH, Chen SC, Chen WJ, Chang SC, Lai MS, Chie WC. Predicting high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration isolate infection among patients with community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2014;69(3):259-65. 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.04.007 Epub 2014 May 4. [ Links ]
39. Lubin AS, Snydman DR, Ruthazer R, Bide P, Golan Y. Predicting high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(8):997-1002. 10.1093/cid/cir118 [ Links ]
40. Honda H, Doern CD, Michael-Dunne W Jr, Warren DK. The impact of vancomycin susceptibility on treatment outcomes among patients with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:335. 10.1186/1471-2334-11-335 [ Links ]
41. Walraven CJ, North MS, Marr-Lyon L, Deming P, Sakoulas G, Mercier RC. Site of infection rather than vancomycin MIC predicts vancomycin treatment failure in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(10):2386-92. 10.1093/jac/dkr301 [ Links ]
42. Meddles-Torres C, Hu S, Jurgens C. Changes in prescriptive practices in skin and soft tissue infections associated with the increased occurrence of community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Public Health. 2013;6(6):423-30. 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.04.010 [ Links ]
43. Zervos M. Treatment options for uncomplicated community-acquired skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: oral antimicrobial agents. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9(Suppl 1):s29-34. 10.1089/sur.2008.065.supp [ Links ]
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2017-10-18
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Samudio-Domínguez, G. C., Bordón, L., D`apollo, N., Martínez Bareiro, M., & Benítez, D. (2017). Patrones de sensibilidad de Staphylococcus aureus de la comunidad aislados de niños con infecciones de piel y partes blandas. Pediatría (Asunción), 42(1), 31-36. Recuperado a partir de https://revistaspp.org/index.php/pediatria/article/view/51
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